Characterization of Root Distribution in Amaranth under Conservation Mulching and Deficit Irrigation

Abstract

Understanding root distribution patterns under water-saving and soil conservation practices is essential for improving crop resilience and resource use efficiency. This study presents the characterization of root distribution in amaranth under conservation mulching and deficit irrigation to evaluate their combined effects on root architecture and water uptake. The proposed methodology involves controlled field experiments with treatments including mulching and varying irrigation levels, supported by data-driven analytical approaches. Key parameters such as root length density, root depth distribution, soil moisture content, and crop growth attributes are measured using soil sampling, root imaging techniques, and sensor-based monitoring. The collected data are preprocessed through cleaning, normalization, and statistical validation to ensure accuracy and consistency. Advanced analytical and machine learning models, including regression analysis, Random Forest, and Artificial Neural Networks, are employed to analyze the relationship between soil conditions, irrigation regimes, and root system development. Experimental results indicate that conservation mulching significantly enhances soil moisture retention and moderates soil temperature, promoting deeper and more extensive root growth. Deficit irrigation, when applied strategically, encourages root proliferation in deeper soil layers, improving water uptake efficiency. The combined application of mulching and deficit irrigation results in optimized root distribution and improved drought tolerance without substantial yield reduction. The findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating soil conservation practices with efficient irrigation strategies for sustainable crop production. The study concludes that intelligent characterization of root systems under varying management practices provides a scalable and data-driven approach for enhancing water use efficiency, improving crop resilience, and supporting sustainable agriculture.