Optimization of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Durum Wheat under Split Fertilizer Application

Abstract

Efficient nitrogen management is essential for enhancing crop productivity while minimizing environmental impacts in cereal-based systems. This study focuses on the optimization of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in durum wheat under split fertilizer application to improve nutrient utilization and yield performance. The proposed methodology involves field experiments with different nitrogen splitting schedules applied at key phenological stages, combined with data-driven analytical approaches. Key parameters, including soil nitrogen availability, plant nitrogen uptake, biomass accumulation, grain yield, and NUE indices, are measured using standard agronomic and laboratory techniques. The collected data are preprocessed through cleaning, normalization, and statistical validation to ensure accuracy and consistency. Advanced analytical and machine learning models, such as regression analysis, Random Forest, and Artificial Neural Networks, are employed to analyze the relationship between fertilizer timing, nitrogen dynamics, and crop performance. Experimental results indicate that split application of nitrogen significantly enhances nutrient uptake efficiency by synchronizing nitrogen availability with crop demand. Optimal splitting strategies result in improved grain yield, higher protein content, and reduced nitrogen losses through leaching and volatilization compared to single-dose applications. Additionally, better root development and sustained nutrient availability contribute to improved plant growth and yield stability. The findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating precise nutrient management with data-driven analysis for sustainable wheat production. The study concludes that optimized split nitrogen application provides a scalable and efficient approach for enhancing nitrogen use efficiency, improving crop productivity, and reducing environmental impacts in durum wheat cultivation.