Assessment of Feed Energy Utilization and Milk Fat Percentage in Dairy Cattle under TMR Feeding

Abstract

Efficient utilization of dietary energy is critical for optimizing milk production and quality in dairy cattle, particularly under Total Mixed Ration (TMR) feeding systems. This study assesses feed energy utilization and its influence on milk fat percentage in dairy cattle to enhance productivity and nutritional efficiency. The proposed methodology involves controlled feeding trials using TMR formulations with varying energy densities, combined with data-driven analytical approaches. Key parameters, including dry matter intake, energy intake, digestibility coefficients, milk yield, and milk fat percentage, are measured using standard dairy science and laboratory techniques. Additional indicators such as body condition score, rumen fermentation characteristics, and metabolic profiles are monitored to evaluate energy partitioning. The collected data are preprocessed through cleaning, normalization, and statistical validation to ensure consistency and reliability. Advanced analytical and machine learning models, including regression analysis, Random Forest, and Artificial Neural Networks, are employed to analyze the relationship between feed energy levels and milk composition. Experimental results indicate that optimized energy levels in TMR significantly enhance milk fat percentage and overall milk yield by improving rumen fermentation efficiency and nutrient utilization. Balanced energy intake promotes the production of volatile fatty acids, particularly acetate, which is closely associated with milk fat synthesis. In contrast, inadequate or excessive energy levels negatively affect milk composition and feed efficiency. The study identifies optimal energy ranges that maximize both productivity and milk quality. The findings highlight the effectiveness of precision feeding strategies supported by data-driven analysis. The study concludes that optimized feed energy utilization under TMR systems provides a sustainable and efficient approach for improving milk fat percentage, enhancing dairy performance, and supporting profitable dairy farming.