Soil Compaction and Moisture Status on the Root Architecture and Nutrient Uptake of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Abstract

Soil compaction and moisture variability are major constraints affecting root development and nutrient acquisition in rainfed legume systems. This study investigates the influence of soil compaction and moisture status on root architecture and nutrient uptake in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under controlled field conditions. Experimental treatments were designed with varying levels of soil bulk density and moisture regimes to evaluate their combined effects on root growth patterns, plant development, and nutrient absorption. Key parameters assessed included root length density, root penetration depth, branching characteristics, biomass accumulation, and uptake of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Results indicated that increased soil compaction significantly restricted root elongation and reduced root proliferation, leading to limited access to soil nutrients and water. Under optimal moisture conditions, chickpea plants exhibited improved root development and higher nutrient uptake efficiency, whereas moisture stress further exacerbated the negative effects of compaction. Moderate soil compaction combined with adequate moisture maintained relatively stable root architecture and plant performance, suggesting a threshold beyond which soil physical constraints become limiting. The study highlights the critical role of soil structure and moisture management in optimizing root system development and enhancing nutrient use efficiency in chickpea cultivation. While analytical methods were used to assess root traits and nutrient dynamics, the primary focus remains on agronomic performance and soil–plant interactions. These findings provide practical insights for farmers to adopt appropriate tillage and irrigation strategies that improve soil conditions, promote root growth, and sustain productivity in chickpea-based cropping systems.