Modified Clay Liners for Reducing Ammonia Volatilization and Nutrient Leaching in Bubalus bubalis Open-Lot Corrals

Abstract

Ammonia volatilization and nutrient leaching from open-lot livestock systems represent major challenges to environmental sustainability and nutrient-use efficiency in animal agriculture. This study evaluates the optimization of modified clay liners for mitigating ammonia emissions and reducing nutrient losses in Bubalus bubalis open-lot corrals. A field-scale experiment was conducted using different clay liner formulations amended with organic and mineral additives to enhance adsorption capacity and structural stability. The treatments were assessed for their effectiveness in retaining nitrogen and limiting the downward movement of nutrients under typical corral conditions. Results indicated that modified clay liners significantly reduced ammonia volatilization by improving nitrogen adsorption and minimizing exposure of urea-derived nitrogen to atmospheric conditions. Additionally, the liners effectively decreased nutrient leaching, particularly of nitrate and soluble phosphorus, by enhancing the impermeability and cation exchange properties of the soil base. Improvements in surface integrity also contributed to better manure management and reduced environmental contamination risks. While analytical tools were utilized for monitoring emission patterns and nutrient dynamics, the primary emphasis remained on improving livestock waste management and soil–nutrient interactions. The findings suggest that optimized clay liner systems offer a practical and cost-effective approach for enhancing nutrient retention and minimizing environmental impacts in open-lot buffalo production systems. This study contributes to sustainable livestock management by providing strategies to improve resource-use efficiency, reduce nutrient losses, and support environmentally responsible agricultural practices.